Advertising And Their Influence On Children - 1516 Words

Ethics in advertising and their influence on children: Introduction Advertising has grown massively due to the expansion of technology and this has transformed the advertising industry. Organisations are spending heavily in advertising to differentiate their brands and cut throat competition among advertising companies is a priority. However, in this race for standing out, advertisers and marketers might overlook the ethical policies. Ethics in advertising has become critical in today’s scandal ridden ere and it affects the practices of human’s lives. Hence ethics is considered most important feature of advertising. Ethical advertising is constantly beneath the scrutiny of the public and shelled with criticism and has been through many moral ethical issues involved in â€Å"fair† advertising. Also, unethical practices may endure to raise question from an ethical standpoint. Advertising can bring either positive results or breed negative influence to its consumers; therefore, it is a vital responsibility of professionals to follow high ethical standards in this industry. There is much of critical concentration on advertising towards children in terms of ethics, whereas it effects to young audience can lead towards certain consumers behaviour, which may result into harmful impact on child’s physical and mental health, one such undesirable consequences of child targeted marketing is obesi ty - so this subject has become important aspect to choose to get more insights on ethicalShow MoreRelatedBrainwashing Youth : How Advertising Influences Children On Gender Images1496 Words   |  6 Pages Brainwashing Youth: How Advertising Influences Children on Gender Images For advertising companies, the topic of advertising to children is one that is very controversial and could lead to a lot of debate on whether it is even ethical to do so. None the less advertisements continue to be aired and targeted towards a particularly vulnerable group: children. At a young age it is a critical time for children. They are not only developing their mental and physical capabilities, but they are also developingRead MoreInfluence of Animated Characters in Tv Advertising Towards Young Children2517 Words   |  11 PagesInfluence of Animated Characters in Television Advertising towards Young Children Literature Review by Eileen van Dulm University of Lethbridge 11/30/2011 1. Introduction On average children between two and five years old spend more than 25 hours a week in front of a TV screen. Children between six and eleven years spend on average 23 hours per week. Children between two and five years old are exposed to more television commercials than older children and 50% of the commercials are being seenRead MoreThe Influence of Advertising1515 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the Influence of Advertising on our children today? 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The media is progressively specializing in children and adolescents to captivate with advertisements. according to market research corporations, teenagers are vital to marketers because they can pay a considerable open income, spend family cash easily, and they are easily able to influence their families to spendRead MoreHow does advertisement influence peoples behaviour?1319 Words   |  6 Pagesis everywhere. In every abundance walk of life, there are huge competitions. As a result, advertisement has become more imp ortant. If you can be more noticeable, it means you would have chances to market. Therefore, advertising has great impact on different people. Advertising, is mainly used in market, refer to marketing message, which is presented by an identified sponsor in extinctive media such as the television, newspapers, radio, magazines and Internet. The term may be used to refer toRead MoreAdvertising to Children Must Be Banned957 Words   |  4 Pagesmake money. 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The Struggles And Needs Elderly Lgbt Individuals Face And...

Introduction Elderly lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LBGT) individuals face many issues that others do not. Not only do they face discrimination due to their sexuality, but also due to their age and/or gender. The intersectionality of sexuality, age, and/or gender can cause many physical, mental, and emotional health issues which require social work intervention. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the struggles and needs elderly LGBT individuals face and its effect on their aging process. This can be achieved by applying theoretical frameworks such as Erickson’s Stages of Development, Intersectionality, and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs to the issue being presented. Elderly LGBT As of 2013, over an estimated two million elderly adults identify as either lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT). LGBT elderly individuals have most likely experienced discrimination from different structures throughout their life. Before 1973, homosexuality was considered â€Å"a mental disorder from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association† (DSM) (Jablonski, Vance, and Beattie, 2013, p. 1-2). Being that it was considered a mental disorder, many LGBT individuals during the time may not have revealed their sexuality in fear of stigma, discrimination, and attacks. Elderly LGBT individuals over the age of 50 would have been the generations who lived during the time homosexuality was considered a mental disorder. This means thatShow MoreRelatedAssignment 11368 Words   |  6 PagesANALYSIS 4 addition, the policy indirectly supports the families of the elderly. It does so by offering services to caregivers that prevent or shorten costly nursing home placements, relieving financial strain, and providing educational programs to give a better understanding of aging. However, due to insufficient funding OAA services have restricted access and cannot reach all the elderly in need. Statistical demographics reveal that 27% of seniors that are receiving services are below

Prison Rape Victims Free Essays

string(98) " You have little or no contact with anyone on the outside and no one you can trust on the inside\." Meeting the Needs of Prison Rape Victims A Technical Assistance Guide for Sexual Assault Counselors and Advocates PENNSYLVANIA COALITION AGAINST RAPE The mission of PCAR is to work to eliminate all forms of sexual violence and to advocate for the rights and needs of victims of sexual violence. At PCAR’s core is the statewide network of sexual violence centers that work in concert with PCAR to administer quality services to survivors and their significant others. PCAR centers provide 24-hour services, seven days a week, including free and confidential crisis intervention; individual and support group counseling; hospital, court, and police accompaniment; prevention education within schools and the community; and information and referrals. We will write a custom essay sample on Prison Rape Victims or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition to providing technical assistance in a variety of areas, the role of PCAR is to oversee the sexual violence centers’ contracts; monitor relevant legislation and public policy issues; provide library resources and educational trainings; and create public awareness/prevention campaigns for statewide implementation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PCAR wishes to thank Rachel Shupp, BSW, Shippensburg University, class of 2006, for her work on this guide. As part of her senior-year internship at PCAR, Rachel researched the issue of prison rape extensively, visiting various prisons throughout Pennsylvania and responding to letters from victims of prison rape. These experiences and Rachel’s compassion for victims helped inform this publication. Copyright  © 2006 The content of this publication may be reprinted with the following acknowledgement: This material was reprinted from the Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape’s publication entitled, Meeting the Needs of Prison Rape Victims: A Technical Assistance Guide for Sexual Assault Counselors and Advocates. This guide is available on our website: pcar. org Meeting the Needs of Prison Rape Victims A Technical Assistance Guide for Sexual Assault Counselors and Advocates TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction The Prison Rape Elimination Act Inmates as Victims Ethical Dilemmas: Working with a Victim who is also an Offender Prison Entry: The Basics Collaborating with Correction Staff Inmate Support Groups State Level Responses in Pennsylvania Conclusion 2 3 3 5 8 10 14 18 19 INTRODUCTION P rison rape has gone largely unaddressed by social service programs; correctional institutions; and until recently, lawmakers in this country. When prison rape is mentioned in the media or general public, it is often in the form of a joke or jest. Nothing about rape is funny, regardless of where or to whom it occurs. Victims of prison rape are at high risk of becoming victims again, largely because they may be too fearful to reach out for help or when they do, they find services specific to their needs are unavailable. They often fear experiencing further trauma and shame if they come forward. If they do choose to tell someone, their cries are sometimes ignored or disregarded. When victims of prison rape are released-as the majority of inmates areand rejoin our communities, they often suffer a complex interplay of biopsychosocial effects from their victimization. There is a severe lack of research surrounding the frequency of prison rape. It was approximated that inside correctional facilities in the midwestern region of the country, one in five males experience a pressured or forced sexual incident, and approximately one in 10 males report completed rape (Stop Prisoner Rape, 2006). According to the same study, rates of female sexual assault in prisons in that same region are estimated to range from six percent to 27 percent. Due to underreporting, it is likely that these figures do not capture the full scope of sexual assault in correctional facilities. The incidence of prison rape also varies between institutions, thus increasing he difficulty of acquiring accurate and nationally representative statistical figures. The collection of accurate prison rape data is impeded by limited definitions of â€Å"sexual assault† and flawed reporting and response protocol in operation within many correctional institutions throughout our nation. 2 THE PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT (PREA) The problem of prison rape, its underr eporting, and lack of appropriate responses to victims were catalysts for the passage of the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA). Passed in 2003, PREA specifically addresses the issue of rape in correctional institutions and facilities throughout the nation. The main goal of the law is to support the reduction, elimination, and prevention of rape within correctional facilities at the federal, state, and local levels. PREA also mandates national data collection efforts, provides funding for program development and research, and endorses a national commission to develop standards and accountability measures. Anti-sexual violence coalitions, local rape crisis centers, and correctional institutions are currently collaborating across the country in response to PREA and the needs of prison rape victims. For more information on such collaborations, see RESHAPE, a Newsletter on the Prison Rape Elimination Act, Issue #18, the National Sexual Assault Coalition Resource Sharing Project, available at http://www. resourcesharingproject. org/ newsletters. html. The main goal of PREA is to support the reduction, elimination, and prevention of rape within correctional facilities at the federal, state, and local levels. INMATES AS VICTIMS Many people carry strongly-held beliefs about prisoners that are not easy to sway. Some see the inmate population as undeserving of services and that prison rape is a form of poetic justice, or part of the punishment for their delinquent behavior. Prison rape seems to be an accepted norm and almost expected in the prison environment and therefore difficult to address and prevent. Many people blame rape victims for their victimization. Public blame is often magnified when the victim happens to be incarcerated. It is difficult for many people to empathize with â€Å"criminals† and to see them as â€Å"victims. † 3 Try to imagine you are living within the walls of a prison. You can almost touch both walls of your cell when you open your arms as wide as they can go. When you close your eyes, you can still see the graffiti that adorns your walls-desperate pleas of the inmates that came before you. The bars on the window allow only a sliver of sunlight into your cell. You have little or no contact with anyone on the outside and no one you can trust on the inside. You read "Prison Rape Victims" in category "Essay examples" You committed a nonviolent crime that you deeply regret. You live in fear everyday of being beaten or raped. The trauma of a rape can be especially devastating to someone who already feels isolated and without power or choices. Because of the social stigma and shame attached to the issue, it is difficult to tell even a close friend or family member that you have been a victim of rape. Imagine having to tell your story to a perfect stranger who is likely unprepared for or unsympathetic about such a disclosure. If correctional officers and staff are unresponsive, the victim’s mental health status can quickly deteriorate. This can lead to long-term problems that manifest themselves upon this person’s release. Rape not only poses a threat to the mental wellbeing of an individual, but also to the physical health of that person. For example, HIV and AIDS are a serious threat to the prison population with higher rates of infection than in the general population (Mariner, 2001). 4 ETHICAL DILEMMAS: WORKING WITH A VICTIM WHO IS ALSO AN OFFENDER Advocates bring many skills to their work with victims-professionalism, compassion, empathy, and resourcefulness are just a sampling. Advocates also bring their personal experiences, values, morals, and beliefs to the work, which can strengthen and sometimes hinder services depending on the situation. On one hand, rape crisis advocates and counselors may feel ethically obligated to erve victims of prison rape as well as other traditionally underserved victims such as people of color; males; children; elderly; people with disabilities; people living in poverty; immigrants, refugees, and victims of sex trafficking; lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered individuals; and others. On the other hand, rape crisis advocates and counselors may struggle with the idea of helping someone who has potentially hurt another person or has even sexually abused or assaulted someone. It can be a wonderful experience to expand horizons and travel beyond one’s comfort zone. At the same time, it can also be upsetting to enter into unfamiliar territory or work. Think about what is possible. Prepare. Listen to one’s inner voice and instincts and acknowledge ethical obligations and limitations. Basic Human Rights All humans are entitled to rights, including incarcerated individuals. One basic right that many victims of prison rape do not enjoy is that of safety-whether physical, mental, or spiritual. The rape crisis movement has been dedicated to exposing different types of sexual assault, empowering victims to speak out, and providing services to victims in need. As we know well, anyone can be a rape victim. There is no room for discrimination in our quest to help survivors of rape. All victims who reach out should be provided with help for past or present sexual assault. Ethical Decision-Making The offender-victim dichotomy is complex. There is no single answer on how to overcome this ethical dilemma but rather, a process of selfreflection that may produce several options. Before meeting with a victim of prison rape, advocates and counselors should reflect on their personal values, morals, beliefs and biases as well as the mission and policies of their parent agency/organization. Supervision may provide a safe and supportive environment in which this self-reflection and 5 analysis can occur. Discussing the ethical challenges with a trusted colleague can also be helpful. It is important to explore one’s preconceived notions and ideas about the prison population and their sources. Advocates may find the following resource helpful in their ethical decision-making process: Ethics in Victim Services, by Melissa Hook (available from the Sidran Institute, sidran. org). Below are some questions that might help guide advocates in the process of ethical decision-making: 1. What are the needs of victims of prison rape? 2. What are their resources? 3. What is known or believed about the prison population? 4. What is unknown? 5. What is behind one’s knowledge or feelings about the prison population? 6. What fears and hopes are at play? 7. What past experiences inform present-day feelings, beliefs, fears, and motivations? 8. What are ways to overcome personal and professional barriers in working with the prison population? 9. What opportunities exist to develop and strengthen knowledge, skills, and awareness? 10. What are the ethical principles at play? 1. Which ethical principles are in conflict? 12. Which ethical principle should take priority and why? 13. Are there certain individuals with whom an advocate cannot and should not work because it would be unethical (due to the negative impact the advocate’s personal biases, beliefs, and limitations would have on such individuals)? 14. If an advocate cannot meet the needs of a victim due to th e above, who else in the agency/organization can assist the victim? 15. What is the agency/organization’s mission? 16. What is the role of the advocate or counselor within that mission? 6 17. How do the needs of the prison population fit into that mission? 18. How can the agency/organization meet the needs of the prison population? Working with a Victim who is also a Sexual Assault Offender The ethical discussion gets more complicated when the victim is not only an offender, but also a sexual offender. It may be easier for advocates to work with victims who are incarcerated for nonviolent crime or crimes not of a sexual nature. It may be more difficult to work with a victim who has sexually assaulted or raped someone. In these cases, it is important to remember the parameters of the advocate’s role. In a direct service capacity, the focus of advocacy is on victimization, not on perpetration. The rape crisis advocate’s role in the counseling capacity, is to help victims process their trauma and heal from victimization, not to address offender issues. It is critical that advocates clarify their role and purpose with the client from the beginning. If offender issues arise, which they may, advocates should be prepared to refocus attention back to the victim experience. It may be necessary to refer the client to another service provider for offender treatment. Keep referral information handy for this purpose. As always, advocates should consult with their supervisors and agency policies as to whether providing services to victims who are also sexual offenders is even possible. Funding Considerations Advocates may question whether they are able to provide services under provisions of the agency or source that funds their practice. For example, advocates can not use Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) funding to â€Å"offer rehabilitation services to offenders or to support services to incarcerated individuals, even when the service pertains to the victimization of that individual† (US Department of Justice, p. 4, 1999). Agencies may find that they can use alternative funding streams to provide services to the prison population, such as Department of Public Welfare and other monies. Consulting with supervisors and agency policies and mission statements will help advocates determine whether limitations exist for the provision of services to the prison population. 7 PRISON ENTRY: THE BASICS En tering an unfamiliar territory can be intimidating, especially when it is surrounded by barbed wire and locked gates. The prison environment is very different from other settings where services are provided to victims. Providing services in prisons requires special consideration and planning. It may be difficult to navigate a prison without prior knowledge or experience. Each correctional institution has a complex set of rules and regulations, but there are some basic things to keep in mind when planning services. A Handbook for the Families and Friends of Pennsylvania Department of Corrections Prison Inmates (available at cor. state. pa. us) provides valuable information to people who are entering the prison environment for the first time (Hardesty Sturges, 2005). This handbook is not a blanket policy for all correctional institutions, so it is best to consult individual facilities before attempting to visit. Visits: Correctional facilities have specific protocols that visitors must follow. To visit or call an inmate, sexual assault advocates and counselors must be on that inmate’s approved visitors and phone lists. If an inmate requests services by letter, advocates and counselors should ask to be placed on these said lists (and notified when this has happened). Remember to request specific information about visiting hours and days, when the inmate is available for contact by telephone, and what kind of assistance he or she would like. For example, does this person need or want information and pamphlets? Does this person want counseling or referrals? When advocates and counselors have been approved to call or visit, they can establish a meeting time. Dress: Each prison has a specific dress code that prohibits certain items of clothing. Short shirts, shorts, halter-tops, and a variety of other articles are deemed inappropriate or prohibited by facilities. Use judgment when determining wardrobe, but consider dressing somewhat conservatively. As visitors pass through a metal detector before entering the prison, it is best to avoid wearing a lot of metal, such as belt buckles 8 and buttons on a coat. This may delay access to the facility. Also, many facilities are quite large and a lot of walking is often required, so you may wish to wear comfortable shoes that are easy to remove if they need to be inspected. Belongings: There are several items that are considered contraband in Pennsylvania prisons, even though some may seem harmless. To avoid complications and delays, take as little into the prison as possible. Weapons are prohibited in the prison and on the property, including the parking lots. Weapons may be defined as anything from the obvious such as guns, pocketknives, and cans of mace, to items that seem less threatening, such as nail files, clippers, scissors, and notebooks with metal spiral binding. Some commonly banned items include wallets, handbags, cell phones, electronic devices, weapons (or anything that can be used as a weapon), food, and medications. For a full list of banned items, contact the prison directly. Your vehicle may be subject to searches as well. A driver’s license is required. If available, bring agency or organization identification. Safety Considerations: Some advocates may question their safety when working in the prison environment. While it is critical that advocates trust their gut instincts, especially if they sense danger, it is also important to challenge stereotypes that all inmates are violent or â€Å"bad people. † There are many nonviolent offenders currently behind bars. Nonviolent offenders are more likely to become the victims of sexual crimes inside of prison walls than those who have been convicted for more serious crimes (Mariner, 2001). Self-awareness: Before entering a prison it is a good idea to mentally prepare. During the time it takes to travel to the prison, or sometime before, advocates and counselors may want to think about the steps they need to take while at the prison-everything from entering and walking through the prison, how they might feel as they pass inmates, finding the meeting room, meeting with clients, and exiting the prison. It is strongly suggested that advocates and counselors request to tour the prison, including where they will be meeting with clients, prior to their first session with victims. 9 COLLABORATING WITH CORRECTIONAL STAFF Advocates and counselors who work with victims of prison rape will inevitably have contact with staff at correctional facilities. At a minimum, advocates will rely on the staff for safety and assistance while providing services within the prison environment. At the other end of the spectrum, advocates may find it helpful to collaborate with prison staff in the development and provision of services to victims of prison rape. Whatever degree of collaboration, it is important to be aware of the distinct roles advocates and corrections personnel fulfill and to discuss those differences with each other from the beginning. It is very important to establish strong working relationships with corrections staff. They are a valuable resource in the advocate’s network and are familiar with the ins and outs of working within a prison system. In cases of uncertainty, staff is often a knowledge source. They may have advice and tips for those who come in from other agencies to work with the prison population. Counselors, psychological staff, and chaplains are especially helpful because they are in tune with the emotional and supportive needs of the inmates and can provide insight into how victims of sexual assault, past or present, may benefit from different types of programs and services. They may also have ideas about what works and what does not work in a correctional setting. Overall, establishing cooperation and mutual respect with corrections personnel from the beginning of the collaboration will greatly enhance advocates’ work with victims. It is very important to establish strong working relationships with corrections staff. They are a valuable resource in the advocate’s network and are familiar with the ins and outs of working within a prison system. 10 Training as a First Step towards Collaboration Collaboration may not be possible without adequate training of both corrections staff and rape crisis advocates on the problem of prison rape; the unique needs of its victims; and the differing cultures, goals, and missions of corrections and the anti-sexual violence movement. Corrections staff and administrators may not be aware of the seriousness of rape in correctional settings. They may lack the skills and knowledge to respond to a sexual assault emergency. Furthermore, they may be ill equipped to address â€Å"non-emergency† situations such as rape, sexual abuse, or incest that may have occurred prior to an inmate’s incarceration. Advocates and counselors may also have room to grow and skills to develop in meeting the needs of victims of prison rape. When opportunities arise, engage in cross-training with prison staff. These exchanges may help rape crisis advocates teach prison staff about sexual violence, the needs of victims, and the goals and mission of rape crisis services. In turn, cross-training will also help rape crisis advocates integrate their services within the prison environment in an effective and informed way. Understanding the Differing Roles of Prison Staff and Rape Crisis Advocates The correctional facility’s staff is primarily concerned with the security of the facility. They are interested in maintaining order and keeping everyone safe. Advocates’ primary concern is to meet the needs of victims of prison rape and protect their right to confidentiality. Although the correctional personnel may know the role of the advocate, they must still uphold the rules of the facility to keep order. For example, if advocates are running a group and are using supplies, such as scissors or spiral bound notebooks, they may have a problem. Despite the importance to the work, those items may be prohibited and therefore cannot be brought into the facility. It is not uncommon to feel frustrated in having to alter or completely change entire plans when working with inmates. 1 Understanding Confidentiality in the Prison Environment Confidentiality and client-counselor privilege may create a challenge in collaborating with corrections staff. By statute, the communications between sexual assault advocates/counselors and clients are privileged, or confidential. However, prison personnel may not be able to live by this ethic if the thre at of danger to staff or inmates exists. For example, corrections officers must share most of the information they receive in order to maintain safety in the institution both for themselves and inmates. Confidentiality is a cornerstone of the anti-sexual violence movement. It is important that advocates collaborate with corrections staff while maintaining client confidentiality. For technical assistance on this matter, contact PCAR at 1-800-692-7445 or visit pcar. org. Finding Common Ground It is important to point out the differences between correctional staff goals and rape crisis advocate goals. Acknowledging differences is important, but alone it is not an effective way to foster the growth of a professional relationship. It is equally important to identify similarities and common goals. Both corrections personnel and rape crisis advocates try to protect inmates from harm, by their own hand or others. Rape crisis advocates protect mental health and wellness and corrections employees protect physical status and safety of inmates. This common ground leaves room for collaboration and cooperation. With psychological staff, parole officers, and the prison chaplain, a common goal is rehabilitation. All involved are focused on improving the inmate’s situation and condition-whether through education, counseling, skill development, or other interventions-so he or she can be a productive and functional member of society upon release. With help, positive changes can occur and the client will become empowered. Empowerment is a goal that both corrections staff and rape crisis seek to realize, just by different means. 12 Developing Positive Working Relationships Rape crisis advocates and prison personnel may not always see eye to eye, but the following tips may help develop positive working relationships: 1. Always show respect for each other. If a person feels respected, he or she will usually reciprocate that respect. 2. Demonstrate tolerance, understanding, and empathy at all times. Try to see the situation from another perspective. 3. Keep communication lines open. Talk about potential problems before they arise. Be a focused listener, ask questions, and try to inform the staff about the role and purpose of advocacy. A person who understands what is happening is usually less resistant and uncooperative. 4. Look for ways to connect with corrections staff before you enter the prison. Serve on task forces and boards together. 5. Attend trainings on serving victims of prison rape and ways to collaborate with prison personnel. Engage in cross-trainings with corrections staff. . Remember the distinct roles of corrections staff and rape crisis advocates. Acknowledge when these differing roles are at play and find ways to compromise or respectfully agree to disagree. 7. Seek common ground whenever possible in collaborations. Keep the big picture in mind: the needs of victims of prison rape and the ways that corrections staff and rape crisis advocates are united. A stro ng working relationship with prison personnel will not only help enhance advocates’ experiences and comfort levels inside the prison walls; it will also positively impact victims. By maintaining positive relationships, advocates will have greater access to victims and prison staff may be more likely to appropriately respond to victims. A strong working relationship with prison personnel will not only help enhance advocates’ experiences and comfort levels inside the prison walls; it will also positively impact victims. 13 INMATE SUPPORT GROUPS Like community-based support groups, facilitating support groups inside of a prison may be challenging, especially if the group is lacking in participation, both in terms of numbers and members’ willingness to share. Advocates might face challenges unique to the prison population when planning and facilitating support groups. For example, in prison populations, the importance of confidentiality may be even more salient, given the high risk that may exist for victims who are unfortunately trapped under the same roof as their offenders. Victims of prison rape may be even more reluctant to come to a group with â€Å"sexual assault† or â€Å"victim† in the name, as being identified with such a group may make victims seem even more vulnerable to existing and potential perpetrators within the prison. Trust may be even more difficult to establish among group members, given the dangers of the environment and the need to look out for oneself. Below are some strategies that may help attract and retain victims of prison rape as well as enhance their experiences with the group. Pick an innocuous name. It may be difficult to attract members to a group with the words â€Å"rape,† â€Å"sexual assault,† or â€Å"victims† in the title. Unfortunately, social stigma surrounding rape and victimization is still potent enough to prevent victims from attending such a group. Being identified as a â€Å"victim† in the prison environment could be dangerous. Choose names that relate to health and wellness, safety, or prevention as opposed to ones that boldly announce they pertain to sexual assault. This may help recruit group members while still leaving room to address the purpose of the group: to address rape and sexual assault issues. Collaborate with prison staff to ensure inmates’ access, protection, and privacy. Prison staff members can be pivotal in getting a support group off the ground. They can make the groups accessible to inmates by enabling inmates to attend such groups. Furthermore, prison staff members can protect group members’ safety and privacy among the larger prison population by keeping their participation in such groups confidential. 14 Combine your resources with allies. When developing a new group, it can be helpful to build upon existing relationships and partnerships with allied professionals. Combining resources with others may help advocates reach a wider audience in a more holistic way, focusing on more than one topic or issue. Collaboration allows allied professionals to address the complex relationships between sexual violence and other social struggles, such as substance abuse, domestic violence, poverty, and other issues. Often, substance abuse and dependency is a form of self-medication or a way to cope with past sexual abuse. Even if the sessions do not directly deal with sexual assault issues, the topics still have potential to bring rape issues into the spotlight if they are in a related area. Collaborating with allied professionals may help advocates get their programs into prisons. Partnering with other professionals also enables advocates to address multiple issues in the group setting, thereby meeting the needs of individual victims holistically. Screen participants. Advocates should screen each potential group member before he or she enters the group. Screening helps to ensure group membership includes voluntary victims who are ready to address their experiences in a group setting. The following questions may help advocates screen potential group members: 1. What experiences bring you to the group? 2. What do you hope to gain from this group? 3. What do you hope to offer other group members? 4. Would you have any concerns/difficulties in engaging in discussions about sexual violence victimization? 5. Are you prepared to protect confidentiality and the privacy of other group members? Determine if the group will be closed or open. A closed group is one in which new members are not allowed to join from week to week, or after the group has been officially established. An open group is one in which members are allowed to join and drop off from week to week. There are benefits and drawbacks associated with each group composition. A closed group may help establish and maintain a stronger sense of trust and group cohesion among members. In a closed group, the curriculum or content of each session can build upon the previous week in a linear way. An open group may reach more victims, 15 as it is available to new members from week to week. Whichever format, advocates should learn about group dynamics and be prepared to address the challenges and build upon strengths of any group. Obtain ongoing training in group facilitation and dynamics. Even the most seasoned advocates can benefit from ongoing group work training. Knowledge is continuously evolving, as are the needs of victims. Advocates new to the field of prison rape may benefit from trainings specific to the inmate population. Involve group in establishing ground rules and goals of group. Retaining membership in groups can be difficult, but there are a few things that can be done to increase retention. Involve group members in establishing the ground rules. This generates individual members’ investment in the group and its progress. Such ground rules should cover basics such as punctuality, confidentiality, communication during group (one person speaks at a time), the need for breaks or individual support, showing respect for others, and expectations for behavior. Remember, the group can continue to add ground rules to the list as the group unfolds and as the need arises. Structure and rules can help create a safe and inviting atmosphere. Develop and safeguard trust. Allow appropriate time for group members to get to know each other. Inmates may be distrusting of other inmates and especially of staff and other outside authority figures. Give them the opportunity to warm up before starting intensive work. Keep groups relatively small so that members can build a sense of rapport with facilitator(s) and other participants. Empower group members as active leaders. Listen to group members. Seek their input. People are more likely to keep attending a group if they are involved in decision making. Plan a topic or discussion, but be flexible and go with the flow. Allow group members to lead the discussion rather than pushing a preconceived agenda. Gently guide the group back onto topic if necessary. 16 Lighten up! Balance challenging individual and group processes with fun activities when appropriate and possible. There are plenty of engaging activities that foster personal growth and strengthen bonds between members. Interspersing lighter content between heavier sessions can help the group’s cohesion and collective mental health. If the group is not enjoyable from time to time, advocates may lose group members. These ideas are applicable to working with any group. While it is important to identify and meet the unique needs of the prison population, victims of prison rape deserve and can benefit from many of the same approaches and efforts advocates use with non-incarcerated victims. Victims of prison rape may be even more reluctant to come to a group with â€Å"sexual assault† or â€Å"victim† in the name, as being identified with such a group may make victims seem even more vulnerable to existing and potential perpetrators within the prison. 17 STATE-LEVEL RESPONSES IN PENNSYLVANIA Since January 2005, the Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape (PCAR) has been working with the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, the Pennsylvania Office of the Victim Advocate, and law enforcement officers to develop prison rape prevention curricula for inmates and corrections staff. It is their goal to increase awareness about sexual crimes that occur during terms of imprisonment, to encourage reporting of and responses to sexual assault and rape, and to support prison personnel and rape crisis advocates in meeting the needs of victims. This state-level collaboration has resulted in two sexual assault training curricula-one for inmates and one for prison staff. The inmate curriculum is now provided in all state facilities to inmates at orientation and at annual reviews with counselors. All state corrections staff members now complete a sexual assault training program-which includes an overview of sexual assault, prevention, reporting policies and protocol, the needs of victims, and services in Pennsylvania-by computer as part of their job requirements. The hope is that these two curricula will improve responses and services to victims of prison rape as well as prevent sexual violence from occurring within the prison environment. Additionally, statewide training and technical assistance will be available to both corrections staff and rape crisis advocates as a means to supporting their work with victims of prison rape at the local level. For more information, contact PCAR at 1800-692-7445 or visit pcar. org for more information. 18 CONCLUSION The Prison Rape Elimination Act marks an important shift in our society. Its passage helps place the needs of victims of prison rape on the radar of social service agencies and correctional institutions throughout the country. Victims of prison rape have gone largely unnoticed and worse, ignored for too long. Working with any â€Å"new† group or population can present challenges. Advocacy within the prison setting may pose unique barriers and rewards. While it is important to identify and address potential limitations and concerns, it is equally important to acknowledge and build upon strengths and resources in meeting the needs of victims of rison rape. Collaboration-with corrections staff, community allies, and others-is integral to this work and reaching victims. Victims of prison rape depend on rape crisis centers for support. It is likely that they will not receive help from any other source. RESOURCES ON PRISON RAPE Human Rights Watch (212) 290-4700; hrw. org National Sexual Assault Coalition Resource Sharing Project Newsletter on the Prison Rape Elimination Act, Issue #18, Spring 2006 (319) 339-0899; http://www. resourcesharingproject. org/newsletters. tml National Sexual Violence Resource Center 877-739-3895; nsvrc. org Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape 1-800-692-7445; pcar. org Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (717) 975-4859; cor. state. pa. us Pennsylvania Office of the Victim Advocate 800. 563. 6399; http://www. pbpp. state. pa. us/ova/site/default. asp The Pennsylvania Prison Society 800-227-2307; prisonsociety. org Stop Prisoner Rape (213) 384-1400; spr. org 19 REFERENCES Hardesty, K. , Sturges, J. (2005). A handbook for the families and friends of Pennsylvania department of corrections prison inmates. Retrieved February 21, 2006 from www. cor. state. pa. us/portal/lib/bis/Handbook_for_Families_and_Friends. pdf Mariner, J. (2001). No escape: Male rape in U. S. prisons. Retrieved March 1, 2006 from www. spr. org Stop Prisoner Rape. (200). The basics on rape behind bars. Retrieved February 22, 2006 from www. spr. org. US Department of Justice. (1999). Subgrantees’ training guide: Victims of Crime Act assistance grant program (NCJ 175717). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice. 20 This guide was funded in part by a National Institute of Corrections grant. How to cite Prison Rape Victims, Essay examples

Core Business of Healthcare Safety Standards

Question: Describe about the Core Business of Healthcare for Safety Standards. Answer: Introduction: The essay has been done with the aim of identifying the core business of the health care institution. The essay covers the definition of the Process Data particularly in relation to the safety and quality on the practices of the health care and nursing aspects in clear terms. The Outcome Data in respect to the quality and the safety of the health care and nursing have also discussed in the essay. The safety of the patients and the quality of the services are two important aspects of the health care institutions. These two aspects have been the main aspects that the major concern of the study. The collection of the process data and the reason behind the same has been covered in the essay. The contribution of both the process data and outcome data on the improvement of the quality and safety of the services provided to the patients by the health care institutions and the nursing functions. Discussion: Criteria One: Context and Identified Data Clearly identify the aims and core business of health care institutions The prime important aim of health care institutions is to provide quality services. This quality of the services could be ensured if the health care institutions are able to retain the safety of the patients. The safety and the quality of the health care services depend on the efforts of the institutions to maintain the safety standards. The patients must be given optimum safety. The services of the practitioners towards the patients must be quality wise best. The core business of the health care institutions is to provide care and best health solutions and treatments to the patients. It is very important that the health care institutions assure maximum satisfaction to the patients. The quality of the services could be measured by the different standards like ACSQHC standards. The safety of the medication and the identification of the patients for the suitable procedure are also important for the health care organizations. The main aim of the business of the health care organization is to provide the service that could meet the expectations of the customers. The services must be able to satisfy the needs of the customers. The satisfaction of the customers is directly related to the expansion of the market and the business of the organizations. The health care institutions take care of the several requirements of the patients and arrange for the required treatment and care. The nursing is also an integral part of the mainstream functions or the services provided by the health care institutions. The nursing services should also satisfy the needs of the patients (DOH, 2016). The quality is an abstract item that could not be measured certainly with any specific measuring unit but it could be felt when the services of a particular organization become able to cater the outcome that is desired by the end users (Donabedian, 2016). There are certain roles and responsibilities of the health care organizations like the following: The organization has to provide the services that are quality wise best. The organizations have to retain the quality of the services. The organizations have to ensure the conformance of the standards of quality of the health care services. The safety of the patients is also another very important service that should be ensured by the organizations. There should be effective nursing practices. The entire system of care giving must be controlled and organized. For the enhancement of the quality of the services the health care organizations could implement the techniques of the Total Quality Management and Quality Improvement (WHO, 2007). The evaluation of the quality of the services of the health care organizations is very important and the organizations have to assure the same with the help of Quality assurance and Continuous Quality Improvement. The health care organizations must involve the customers, patients and even the ones providing the care for the enhancement of the quality of the services and the safety (Safetyandquality, 2011). Clearly defines and discusses Process Data particularly in relation to safety and quality in health care and nursing The concept of the Process Data has been established by Avedis Donabedian to measure the quality of the services to ensure the safe and healthy outcomes to the patients. The concept of Process Data is an important part of the model of Donabedian. There are various transactions that take place in the health care institutions between the care givers and the patients. All these transactions have to be noted down in a systemic way so that the regular delivery of the services could be monitored and evaluated. The process data consists of all the intricate activities during the delivery of the services by the health care institutions. The evaluation of the process is as important as the evaluation of the quality of the services (Kunkel, Rosenqvist, Westerling, 2007). There are reports of medical transactions from where the needful information could be easily retrieved. The reports also contain the feedbacks of the patients and utilized for the evaluation of the services of the health care units. The records of the regular medical visits are also kept in the process data (Hughes, 2008). The process data is used to analyze the ability of the services to assure and enhance quality and safety to the patients by the health care institutions. The regular reports would help to identify the areas of the gaps where additional care is needed. Cleary defines and discusses Outcome Data in relations to quality and safety in health care and nursing Donabedian has come up with his model where the outcome data is also another important part. The outcome data contains the manifestations of the changes and nature of behaviour and the status of the health on the patients or the entire population. The main aim of the health care institutions is to ensure best quality of the services. This objective could be assured with the help of the analysis of the outcome data. The effects of the changes on the attitudes of the patients and the services provided to them could be best evaluated with the help of the outcome data (Mitchell, 2016). The services of the health care organizations must be done effectively but this is not so easy for the institutions to maintain. The quality and safety of the services of the health care units could be better analyzed with the help of the outcome data as the effects or the feedbacks could be ascertained and evaluated. The quality of the services could be assessed with the help of the established connection between the two important documents, process and outcome data. The follow-ups could be conducted on long term if the connection between the two data is established accordingly and evaluated (Burton, 2016). Crietria Two: Analysis and Application through use of example: Specifically and succinctly identifies and discusses one example of a clinical care activity in relation to safety and quality, for which process data and outcome data can be identified: For the purpose of the identification of the process data and the outcome data in a clinical care activity related to safety and quality, an instance at the Sydney Adventist Hospital is put forward in this essay. The case discusses about an incident at the hospital where one of the snake bite victims was admitted to few years back. The patient was in a serious condition as he was bitten by a rattlesnake. He was a young boy of around 20 years of age and was bitten by the snake while he was herding his cattle in the forest near his home in Sydney. He was brought to the hospital by his friends who accompanied him in herding of cattle. Now, this medical case can be analyzed for quality by the model invented by Donabedian. He has suggested three vital criteria in order to assess the service quality and safety at a healthcare organization. These criteria are: Structure Data, Process Data and Outcome Data(Kunke, 2007). The Structure Data refers to the structure of the hospital building including the equipments and staffs. The Process Data refers to the various clinical procedures implemented and proper record-keeping of those. The Outcome Data is the final result of the particular medical process or treatment on the patient and its impact on the hospital(Parand, 2014). Referring to the case, it can be said that immediately on admission the boy was admitted to the emergency department by the paramedic staffs those were very prompt in transferring the patient to the emergency ward while other staffs did the form filling process. The doctor on duty then arrived at the scenario and he noted down all the vital signs of the patient like BP, sugar levels, pulse rate, etc. He examined the wound and immediately administered anti-venom injection to the boy. The paramedics and nurses on duty noted down all the diagnosis of the patient as mentioned by the doctor, including the dosage of every medicine or injec tion that was administered and needed to be administered in future. The nurses, the doctor himself and all the involved staffs and employees of the hospital did their bit of record keeping and were very prompt to deal with the ailing patient. This is the example of the Process Data. Finally the boy recovered and was discharged after two days absolutely hale and hearty. The boy was one satisfied customer along with his family and friends. The reputation of the hospital along with the doctors, staffs and employees also increased manifold. This is an example of Outcome Data(safetyandquality, 2011). Clear critical analysis of scholarly literature to support the following: Discussion of what process data may be collected and the rationale for collection of such data: The collection of the process data is extremely important for any health professional for maintaining records of each and every case under him or which he was a part of. This helps in the future reference of the cases and especially in quality audits those are performed. The hallmark of a reputed and patient-focused healthcare organization is the care given towards the safety and quality of the healthcare services provided. Thus, the keeping of the Process Data is a very crucial part of the quality analysis process of a hospital. The success of a hospital in delivering high quality and ethical services to the patients depends on this process of recording and documenting the Process Data by all the medical personnel belonging to different departments and levels of job hierarchy in the hospital. This is also evident in the said case of the Sydney Adventist Hospital(OGrady, 2008). Discussion of what outcome data may be collected and the rationale for collection of such data: The collection and recording of the Outcome Data is also equally important for a healthcare organization to analyze the safety and the quality of the services provided. Each and every healthcare personnel should be responsible enough to collect and document the Outcome Data of the cases each of them have handled those depict the aftermaths of all those cases and whether the patients recovered or not(Safetyandquality, 2010). The Outcome Data also analyzes the effects on the reputation of the healthcare organization after each such case. The rationale for maintenance of such Outcome Data is that these data act as effective inputs in undertaking safety and quality audits within the hospital. This is to be done to understand the rate of success of delivering the right kind of medical services to the patients. Thus, quality and safety audits related to the healthcare units are ineffective if there is no proper recording of the Outcome Data along with the Process Data (NCBI, 2015). Critically discuss how the both the process data and outcome data may be used to improve quality and safety for patients: The collection and analysis of the Process Data and the Outcome Data are indispensable for improving the safety and quality of services to the patients in the healthcare organizations. It is the responsibility of the healthcare professionals to keep track of all the medical proceedings of each of the cases those are admitted to the hospitals. The various details of the treatments including all the vital sign readings during all the medical procedures, the medicines administered, the doctors engaged in the treatment, the details of the support staffs like paramedics, nurses and other personnel are to be maintained to ensure that the Process Data are collected and recorded in a systematic manner. Similarly, the Outcome Data should also be recorded with diligence and honesty such that future references can be made during the quality audit. The various outcomes of each of the medical cases with the hospital help to determine the success rate of the hospital. It also identifies the streng ths as well as the loopholes of the medical services provide. Thus, both the Process Data and Outcome Data complement each other to provide a meaningful and credible safety and quality analysis in a healthcare organization. This is also evident in the discussed case of the Sydney Adventist Hospital(Ronda, 2008). Conclusion: On a concluding note to this essay it is important to comprehend that the safety and quality check is one of the key aspects in ensuring high quality healthcare services to the patients. Every healthcare unit should be conducting these safety and quality audits from time to time in order to ascertain the areas of strengths and weaknesses. The healthcare sector is a service industry and therefore the success of the industry and the healthcare units under it depends on the seamless delivery of ethical, honest, empathetic and accountable healthcare services. The analysis of the quality and safety principles is conducted in the healthcare sector using one of the most popular models developed by Donabedian. This model analyzes the safety and quality of healthcare services through three crucial factors namely: Structure Data, Process Data and Outcome Data. This particular case of the Sydney Adventist Hospital is expected to reflect the concept of safety and quality evaluation in the healthcare sector and also to understand its impact on the growth and sustainability of the healthcare organizations. References: Burton, T. (2016). Why Process Measures Are Often More Important Than Outcome Measures in Healthcare. Retrieved from .healthcatalyst: https://www.healthcatalyst.com/process-vs-outcome-measures-healthcare DOH. (2016). Why is "Quality" Health Care Important? Retrieved from web.doh.state.nj: https://web.doh.state.nj.us/apps2/Hpr/importance.shtml Donabedian, A. (2016). The Quality of Care. Retrieved from nursingworld: https://www.nursingworld.org/DocumentVault/Care-Coordination-Panel-Docs/background-docs/Jun-4-Mtg-docs/The-Quality-of-CareHowCanItBeAssessed-Donabedian1988.pdf Hughes, R. G. (2008). Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses . Retrieved from archive.ahrq: https://archive.ahrq.gov/professionals/clinicians-providers/resources/nursing/resources/nurseshdbk/nurseshdbk.pdf Kunke, S. (2007). The structure of quality systems is important to the process and outcome, an empirical study of 386 hospital departments in Sweden. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1959199/ Kunkel, S., Rosenqvist, U., Westerling, R. (2007). The structure of quality systems is important to the process and outcome, an empirical study of 386 hospital departments in Sweden. Retrieved from .ncbi.nlm.nih: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1959199/ Mitchell, P. H. (2016). Chapter 1Defining Patient Safety and Quality Care. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2681/ NCBI. (2015). Quality Assurance, Health Care. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68011785 OGrady, E. T. (2008). Advanced Practice Registered Nurses: The Impact on Patient Safety and Quality. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2641/ Parand, A. (2014). The role of hospital managers in quality and patient safety: a systematic review. Retrieved from bmjopen.bmj: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/4/9/e005055.full Ronda, G. H. (2008). Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses . Retrieved from archive.ahrq.gov: https://archive.ahrq.gov/professionals/clinicians-providers/resources/nursing/resources/nurseshdbk/nurseshdbk.pdf safetyandquality. (2011). Australian Safety and Quality Framework for Health Care. Retrieved October 23, 2016, from safetyandquality.gov.au: https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/ASQFHC-Guide-Healthcare-team.pdf Safetyandquality. (2011). Australian Safety and Quality Framework for Health Care. Retrieved from safetyandquality: https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/ASQFHC-Guide-Managers.pdf Safetyandquality. (2010). IMPROVING QUALITY AND SAFETY BY FOCUSING CARE ON PATIENTS AND CONSUMERS. Retrieved October 23, 2016, from safetyandquality.gov.au: https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/PCCC-DiscussPaper.pdf WHO. (2007). ST R E NGT H E N I NG H E A LT H SYST E MS TO I M PROV E H E A LT H OU TCOM E S. Retrieved from who: https://www.who.int/healthsystems/strategy/everybodys_business.pdf